As early as September 2004, the United States, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee once had 280 people infected with hepatitis. To the end of October, Pennsylvania, a large-scale outbreak of hepatitis A outbreak. In less than a month time, the state had more than 600 people contracted hepatitis A, and 3 deaths.
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Addiction to pray with you the key to postpartum weight loss five major vices steal your beautiful slim Ten Mistakes existence as early as September 2004, the United States, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee, 280 people had already contracted hepatitis. To the end of October, Pennsylvania, a large-scale outbreak of hepatitis A outbreak. In less than a month time, the state had more than 600 people contracted hepatitis A, and 3 deaths.
Face of the sudden outbreak of hepatitis A, United States Centre for Disease Control and Prevention launched an investigation immediately, and will soon be looking at the lock near the city of Pittsburgh, a Mexican restaurant chain on. Reportedly, the state of all hepatitis patients have been to this called "odd-odd home" restaurant meal, but the restaurant's 60 employees also have 10 people contracted hepatitis. In addition, investigators in the epidemic of hepatitis A in Georgia and carried out the survey also found that all patients have eaten foods containing green onions in Mexico. Accordingly, the investigators basically determined that green onions imported from Mexico caused the United States hepatitis A outbreak is the "culprit."
In Mexico, the green is a very popular food ingredients, similar to China's onions. Americans in the mixed salad, with points like raw green onions. In this regard, the United States Pennsylvania State University food expert Professor Laborde, lush planting, food method and layered structure, are to become the best spread of hepatitis virus carriers. Mexican farmers grow green, if using manure or contaminated irrigation water, bacteria may enter the lush layered body. People eat, only to peel it off one layer can be cleaned and fully cooked to kill bacteria.
Friday, July 23, 2010
A person can suffer from different hepatitis do
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Addiction to pray with you the key to postpartum weight loss five major vices steal your beautiful slim Ten Mistakes presence of different viral hepatitis is caused by different viruses, such as hepatitis A virus hepatitis A, hepatitis B virus type hepatitis. Different hepatitis viruses have different structures, different sizes, different resistance to the outside world, infected people are also different ways. Between the virus and the virus and no apparent interaction, as the two know each other invaders, together with a village invaded, burning and looting, taking what it needs. Subjectively know each other, and objectively each other embarrassed. The immune system is different viruses were identified, even had a certain resistance to the virus, but for several other viruses still can not defend the attack. So, one can simultaneously infected with several different viruses, can have several different types of virus infection. Body infected with the virus only produce identification and immunity, but have not been infected by the virus can still drive straight. For example, we have seen in clinical practice because of large quantities of blood transfusion in a patient suffering from hepatitis B and C, and once because of unsanitary food, but also simultaneously infected with two kinds of viral infection by the digestive tract, namely, hepatitis A and E hepatitis. In this way, the patient in the same time, there are four kinds of in vivo virus. Hepatitis B is a high incidence in China, a long-term hepatitis B virus in patients carry more than 100 million people up. Many patients with chronic hepatitis B sudden malaise, jaundice, elevated aminotransferases, several dry unit, fever, tired of greasy, when hepatitis B is often considered another attack. But after a hospital, they discover that it has combined hepatitis A or hepatitis E D. Hepatitis A or hepatitis E course is very short, usually 1-2 months can be largely recovered. Sure enough, a month after the patient is completely normal transaminases, jaundice, symptoms completely disappeared. So damage to the liver mainly by the new combined hepatitis A or hepatitis E caused. There are many examples like this, so even got a kind of hepatitis, but also preparedness may be other several other hepatitis. Similarly, injection of a vaccine, can provide no such hepatitis, but not several other people to prevent hepatitis.
Summer the most terrible diseases coming!
Addiction to pray with you the key to postpartum weight loss five major vices steal your beautiful slim Ten Mistakes presence of different viral hepatitis is caused by different viruses, such as hepatitis A virus hepatitis A, hepatitis B virus type hepatitis. Different hepatitis viruses have different structures, different sizes, different resistance to the outside world, infected people are also different ways. Between the virus and the virus and no apparent interaction, as the two know each other invaders, together with a village invaded, burning and looting, taking what it needs. Subjectively know each other, and objectively each other embarrassed. The immune system is different viruses were identified, even had a certain resistance to the virus, but for several other viruses still can not defend the attack. So, one can simultaneously infected with several different viruses, can have several different types of virus infection. Body infected with the virus only produce identification and immunity, but have not been infected by the virus can still drive straight. For example, we have seen in clinical practice because of large quantities of blood transfusion in a patient suffering from hepatitis B and C, and once because of unsanitary food, but also simultaneously infected with two kinds of viral infection by the digestive tract, namely, hepatitis A and E hepatitis. In this way, the patient in the same time, there are four kinds of in vivo virus. Hepatitis B is a high incidence in China, a long-term hepatitis B virus in patients carry more than 100 million people up. Many patients with chronic hepatitis B sudden malaise, jaundice, elevated aminotransferases, several dry unit, fever, tired of greasy, when hepatitis B is often considered another attack. But after a hospital, they discover that it has combined hepatitis A or hepatitis E D. Hepatitis A or hepatitis E course is very short, usually 1-2 months can be largely recovered. Sure enough, a month after the patient is completely normal transaminases, jaundice, symptoms completely disappeared. So damage to the liver mainly by the new combined hepatitis A or hepatitis E caused. There are many examples like this, so even got a kind of hepatitis, but also preparedness may be other several other hepatitis. Similarly, injection of a vaccine, can provide no such hepatitis, but not several other people to prevent hepatitis.
Anti-cold, such as hepatitis A general alert
Fluctuating temperatures, frequent rain, alternating winter and spring season in Shanghai this year, especially love "torment." Water monitoring experts, in such weather conditions, air humidity, bacteria quickly, easily infected with acute hepatitis. Experts reminded the public that winter and spring, the community is to prevent hepatitis A and hepatitis E infection eating away at the same time not to eat raw fish and vegetables.
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Why particularly susceptible to hepatitis Dining Out? Experts, many places in China, fertilization not been used to kill living pathogenic fecal processing, the vegetables after the application of such fertilizer, which may contain the virus HIV, hepatitis and thus easily spread hepatitis. In addition to vegetables and other foods, the water was contaminated utensils may also cause disseminated infections, and frequent outbreaks of infection.
However, these viruses can easily be inactivated by heating, loss of infectious. Therefore, people eat out as much as possible not to inadequate sanitation, restaurant, or try not to eat raw or undercooked vegetables.
Guard against "flu-like"
Experts say early in patients with hepatitis A and hepatitis E are often fever, fatigue, loss of appetite symptoms, because these symptoms similar to flu, which many patients come to treatment only when the common cold, not only delay the treatment, also increased the possibility of infecting others sex. Experts therefore recommend to eat cooked food, not raw fish and vegetables, washing hands can prevent hepatitis A and hepatitis E; the same time, eaten raw after a period of time unexplained fever, liver pain and other symptoms, we must go to the hospital in time do liver function tests.
Hepatitis spread through the digestive tract, contagious, people are generally susceptible. Therefore, through the hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin hepatitis A vaccination can improve people's immunity is an effective way to establish the immune barrier.
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Addiction to pray with you postpartum weight loss 5 major key steal your beautiful slim abuse there do not eat half of the vegetables Ten Mistakes
Why particularly susceptible to hepatitis Dining Out? Experts, many places in China, fertilization not been used to kill living pathogenic fecal processing, the vegetables after the application of such fertilizer, which may contain the virus HIV, hepatitis and thus easily spread hepatitis. In addition to vegetables and other foods, the water was contaminated utensils may also cause disseminated infections, and frequent outbreaks of infection.
However, these viruses can easily be inactivated by heating, loss of infectious. Therefore, people eat out as much as possible not to inadequate sanitation, restaurant, or try not to eat raw or undercooked vegetables.
Guard against "flu-like"
Experts say early in patients with hepatitis A and hepatitis E are often fever, fatigue, loss of appetite symptoms, because these symptoms similar to flu, which many patients come to treatment only when the common cold, not only delay the treatment, also increased the possibility of infecting others sex. Experts therefore recommend to eat cooked food, not raw fish and vegetables, washing hands can prevent hepatitis A and hepatitis E; the same time, eaten raw after a period of time unexplained fever, liver pain and other symptoms, we must go to the hospital in time do liver function tests.
Hepatitis spread through the digestive tract, contagious, people are generally susceptible. Therefore, through the hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin hepatitis A vaccination can improve people's immunity is an effective way to establish the immune barrier.
Hepatitis A is a point spread of the source even the menu
Today, Changsha, friends and family together, eating out at every turn, does not know that restaurants are high-risk areas gastrointestinal disease transmission. According to a survey of Eighty per cent of the hotel was never to the point menu of small and medium disinfected. Even in some large hotels, ordering books on disinfection and no sense of sound. Experts remind that, when dining out, such as not pay attention to food hygiene, then the likelihood of contracting hepatitis A is very high.
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Looking back now it was "cold," Mr. Hou has also a lingering fear.
Mr. Hou Chinese New Year gathering with friends and family often now. As the irregular lifestyle, he developed a fever a week ago, Mr. Hou thought it was a cold, not too concerned that more water and rest on the hook. But these two days there abdominal pain, bloating symptoms, whole body fatigue, serious when knees felt weak, had the hospital for treatment. Test results showed that Mr. Hou is not cold, but got a hepatitis epidemic.
Study of Liver Diseases with many years of clinical experience in the Provincial People's Hospital Liver specialist Hu Xiaoxuan introduction, most of the patients had hepatitis, as did Mr. Hou, there will be a high fever, loss of appetite, malaise and other symptoms. Therefore, early hepatitis often be mistaken for a cold, easily misdiagnosed, bungled condition.
"Early cold symptoms of hepatitis, patients often misleading, and many people think of the time to check liver function, liver area are often not comfortable there." Dr Hu said, "If in life fever, fatigue, yellow urine, tired oil symptoms can go to the hospital to check liver function is normal, there may be suffering from a high incidence of hepatitis A in the spring. "
Restaurant menu worrying health
For people who frequently eat out, following this set of data may be to your mind you.
Shanghai Huangpu District Health Authority catering units in the region 30 a la carte sampling of 150 registered for testing found that the health status of the menu point is not optimistic. Each point of the menu based on the total number of bacteria detected two samples, two samples of coliform bacteria, and the reference to "public places, cleaning and disinfection of public goods determine the standard" test found that exceeded the total number of bacteria-positive rate of 22.67%, positive rate of coliform bacteria exceeded 7%, exceeding the total positive rate of 14.83%.
"What point of the menu need to eliminate toxic? We never sterilized! With the old, and the for-Bai!" When the Authority asked the staff whether the disinfection point menu when a waiter answered confidently so. Handled a large number of these every day, not to be sterilized point menu, usually used for up to six months to two years.
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Summer the most terrible diseases coming!
Addiction to pray with you 5 major key habits to lose weight postpartum steal your beautiful slim Ten Mistakes of hepatitis A often wears the existence of a "cold" while
Looking back now it was "cold," Mr. Hou has also a lingering fear.
Mr. Hou Chinese New Year gathering with friends and family often now. As the irregular lifestyle, he developed a fever a week ago, Mr. Hou thought it was a cold, not too concerned that more water and rest on the hook. But these two days there abdominal pain, bloating symptoms, whole body fatigue, serious when knees felt weak, had the hospital for treatment. Test results showed that Mr. Hou is not cold, but got a hepatitis epidemic.
Study of Liver Diseases with many years of clinical experience in the Provincial People's Hospital Liver specialist Hu Xiaoxuan introduction, most of the patients had hepatitis, as did Mr. Hou, there will be a high fever, loss of appetite, malaise and other symptoms. Therefore, early hepatitis often be mistaken for a cold, easily misdiagnosed, bungled condition.
"Early cold symptoms of hepatitis, patients often misleading, and many people think of the time to check liver function, liver area are often not comfortable there." Dr Hu said, "If in life fever, fatigue, yellow urine, tired oil symptoms can go to the hospital to check liver function is normal, there may be suffering from a high incidence of hepatitis A in the spring. "
Restaurant menu worrying health
For people who frequently eat out, following this set of data may be to your mind you.
Shanghai Huangpu District Health Authority catering units in the region 30 a la carte sampling of 150 registered for testing found that the health status of the menu point is not optimistic. Each point of the menu based on the total number of bacteria detected two samples, two samples of coliform bacteria, and the reference to "public places, cleaning and disinfection of public goods determine the standard" test found that exceeded the total number of bacteria-positive rate of 22.67%, positive rate of coliform bacteria exceeded 7%, exceeding the total positive rate of 14.83%.
"What point of the menu need to eliminate toxic? We never sterilized! With the old, and the for-Bai!" When the Authority asked the staff whether the disinfection point menu when a waiter answered confidently so. Handled a large number of these every day, not to be sterilized point menu, usually used for up to six months to two years.
Will you then be too hepatitis?
Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis A virus.
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Addiction to pray with you 5 major key to weight loss postpartum steal your beautiful slim abuse there was a survey of ten errors and found parts of the country over the age of 40 anti-hepatitis A virus antibodies in human serum immunoglobulin-positive rate was 80%, which Tip us on many of these people in the past have had hepatitis A virus infection, because of this antibody in the blood longer duration, but also has a protective effect on the human body, so the body will be infected with hepatitis A virus immunity, to avoid further contact with the general incidence of hepatitis A virus.
However, HAV is found in intestinal re-infection, detoxification can last 3 months. If the formation of antigen-antibody complex from the stool in the detoxification of time will be longer. This local infection of intestinal mucosal surface only lead to one kind of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody production, no systemic infection, IgG antibodies remained negative. Thus, if re-infection with acute hepatitis A virus can further disease.
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Summer the most terrible diseases coming!
Addiction to pray with you 5 major key to weight loss postpartum steal your beautiful slim abuse there was a survey of ten errors and found parts of the country over the age of 40 anti-hepatitis A virus antibodies in human serum immunoglobulin-positive rate was 80%, which Tip us on many of these people in the past have had hepatitis A virus infection, because of this antibody in the blood longer duration, but also has a protective effect on the human body, so the body will be infected with hepatitis A virus immunity, to avoid further contact with the general incidence of hepatitis A virus.
However, HAV is found in intestinal re-infection, detoxification can last 3 months. If the formation of antigen-antibody complex from the stool in the detoxification of time will be longer. This local infection of intestinal mucosal surface only lead to one kind of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody production, no systemic infection, IgG antibodies remained negative. Thus, if re-infection with acute hepatitis A virus can further disease.
Must know the knowledge of hepatitis
Spring is the season of high incidence of viral hepatitis. We have learned include viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, hepatitis E, respectively A, B, C, D, hepatitis E virus. In addition to research does not rule out there that are not clear and unknown hepatitis virus.
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Addiction to pray with you the key to postpartum weight loss five major vices steal your beautiful Ten Mistakes I thin there is an immunological examination detected hepatitis. But I never had any sense, this result reliable? If credible, did not suffer from hepatitis around me, and how it will be infected? Changchun readers
Spring is the season of high incidence of viral hepatitis. We have already learned include viral hepatitis A, B, C, D and E hepatitis, by A, B, C and D, hepatitis E virus. In addition there are still no studies does not rule out a clear and unknown hepatitis virus.
Today we focus on the hepatitis A and hepatitis E infection.
1, hepatitis A and hepatitis E disease characteristics
China is high incidence of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A prevalence as high as 80% of the population, is infected with hepatitis caused by hepatitis A virus antibodies in persons (anti-HAV positive) accounted for 80% of the population. We may wonder, with so high? This is because hepatitis A infection who are far more than latent infection in patients with acute hepatitis.
Also known as subclinical latent infection is pathogen invades the human body, the body produces a specific immune response, pathogens can be removed, but does not cause or caused only very minor tissue damage, so no clinical symptoms and signs, or even no biochemical Check the change only be found by immunological tests, such as letters from readers mentioned the situation, China's Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus infection were prevalent with latent infection. HEV infection rate of about 17% of the population.
We know, B, C, hepatitis D patients with multiple clinical manifestations of chronic infection, and A, compared with acute hepatitis E infection, generally do not become chronic. A and hepatitis E virus carrier state has not, it is also different from, B, C, D hepatitis.
Latent infection the virus to carry and how different? Carriers not immune response onset and no rejection, can not clear the pathogen, but the discharge of pathogens from the body (ie latency to carry, rather than the dominant recovery after infection carry), So contagious, as the source of infection.
A and hepatitis E infection source is infected with hepatitis and hidden, while B, C, hepatitis D source of infection including the virus.
A and hepatitis E through the gastrointestinal tract by fecal - oral transmission. Is usually referred to the general public "in the outside eating infected", is different from B, C, hepatitis D is through blood and body fluid other than the way other gastrointestinal spread.
A and hepatitis E virus enters the body orally, by the intestine into the bloodstream, causing a brief viremia, after re-entering the liver cells, and in which the copy, a small amount of virus into the blood, most of the bile into the intestine and then excreted with the feces.
Or latent infection in patients with faecal contamination of drinking water, food, vegetables, appliances, toys, etc., can cause A and hepatitis E epidemic. In particular, water, food contamination outbreak may occur.
By the end of 1987 to March 1988, the Shanghai people eat contaminated cooked Blood Clam without causing the largest one since the founding of the pandemic of hepatitis, 4 months, 31 million disease. 1986 to 1988, the southern region of Xinjiang in China due to faecal pollution of water sources, has two hepatitis E outbreak occurred, there were 119,000 cases, up to 18 months duration.
Susceptible population is hepatitis A hepatitis A antibody negative. As the universal human susceptibility to hepatitis A virus, so most of our people were infected at an early age, mainly to latent infection, dominant hepatitis patients also more common in children and adolescents. The dominant hepatitis E infection primarily for adults.
2, hepatitis A and hepatitis E in which the clinical manifestations
The incubation period of hepatitis A is about 4 weeks, HEV was 6 weeks. Are acute onset, jaundice and jaundice-free distinction. In fact not much higher than the incidence of jaundice jaundice, or about 50% of the total cases to 90%. As no jaundice symptoms are mild jaundice, onset is also slower and recovery faster and often overlooked, so it is more common hepatitis jaundice.
A, clinical manifestations of hepatitis E is similar to early may have chills, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, tired of oil food, abdominal distension, diarrhea, liver pain, dark urine and other symptoms, easily misdiagnosed as respiratory tract infection or gastroenteritis.
By the way, these symptoms of acute hepatitis found in chronic active hepatitis, but in general a little light in the non-active or even asymptomatic. Often asymptomatic patients with chronic hepatitis alone on their own that "nothing", refuses to be examined, is wrong.
Because symptoms of acute hepatitis, it is more timely medical treatment. Patients until the time of the skin, sclera ("supercilious jen") appears yellow dye, the general heat withdrawal, relieve symptoms. But the urine can be further deepened, due to bile salt stimulation may have itchy skin. Some patients may appear gray short stool. At this time patients may have hepatosplenomegaly, tenderness and other signs of liver area. Ultrasound also change accordingly. Check liver function tests, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) significantly increased, ALT is the function of liver cells in most commonly used biochemical indicators.
The total clinical course of hepatitis A 2 to 4 months, severe hepatitis is rare, but infants suffering from hepatitis often heavier, can develop acute severe hepatitis. Hepatitis E and hepatitis A symptoms compared to slightly heavier and longer course of disease, particularly the extent and duration of jaundice is often more significant than that of hepatitis. The elderly more common in acute hepatitis to hepatitis E and jaundice and more; late pregnant women suffer from hepatitis E when severe illness, postpartum hemorrhage more common, vulnerable to liver failure and mortality can be as high as 30% or more; chronic hepatitis B infection in patients with overlap E When liver disease is also heavier, high mortality. But most of the good prognosis of hepatitis E, the general course of no more than 6 months.
Hepatitis A and hepatitis E diagnosis is relatively straightforward, based on epidemiological history, exposure history and symptoms, signs and laboratory diagnosis can be made. Etiology of viral hepatitis by checking to distinguish which type of infection; rely mainly on clinical immunology, infectious hepatitis A or hepatitis E virus, the early body will produce anti-HAVIgM respectively, or anti HEVIgM antibodies, which are recent signs of infection , acute phase and disappeared. Hepatitis A antibodies in the recovery period the production of anti HAVIgG it sustainable for years or for life, the protection of antibody, usually no longer infectious HAV. The hepatitis E IgG antibodies in the acute stage to reach high levels of recovery decreased significantly, more than 6 to 12 months away, unprotected sex.
Third, hepatitis A and hepatitis E in the prevention and treatment
The clinical course of hepatitis and HEV generally good, mostly self-limiting is not special treatment, a period of time can also be self-healing, full recovery. But the extra attention to special populations.
Acute phase should be isolated, symptoms and patients and jaundice, liver function changes significantly should bed rest, recovery activities can gradually increase the amount of normal liver function 1 to resume work after 3 months.
Diet should be light and easily digestible food selection, appropriate vitamin supplements, protein intake should be sufficient. Can also be added as appropriate, through intravenous glucose and other nutrients.
Drug treatment aimed at elimination of symptoms and liver function, not too much should not increase the burden of the liver, usually without antiviral drugs. The treatment of severe hepatitis patients was more complex.
A, is the prevention of hepatitis E from control Source of infection, cut off the transmission and protection of the vulnerable populations of several aspects. Isolation of infected patients on treatment, environmental sanitation and hygiene, enhance manure and water management, good food hygiene and tableware disinfection, do not drink unboiled water, do not eat undercooked seafood, meat and eggs foods, to prevent " start with the mouth. " Attention to exercise and strengthen resistance to disease.
The most effective preventive measure is still the vaccination, anti-HAVIgG negative, can be inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, mainly for infants, children and other high risk groups of infants less than 6 months without vaccination, carried from their mother's antibodies. Immunity after vaccination for at least 5 years. Hepatitis E is no vaccine.
We can see a kind of infectious diseases is one of the standard of living, health habits and level of education and other factors closely related. Therefore, a fundamental control of infectious diseases but also on overall national strength.
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Summer the most terrible diseases coming!
Addiction to pray with you the key to postpartum weight loss five major vices steal your beautiful Ten Mistakes I thin there is an immunological examination detected hepatitis. But I never had any sense, this result reliable? If credible, did not suffer from hepatitis around me, and how it will be infected? Changchun readers
Spring is the season of high incidence of viral hepatitis. We have already learned include viral hepatitis A, B, C, D and E hepatitis, by A, B, C and D, hepatitis E virus. In addition there are still no studies does not rule out a clear and unknown hepatitis virus.
Today we focus on the hepatitis A and hepatitis E infection.
1, hepatitis A and hepatitis E disease characteristics
China is high incidence of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A prevalence as high as 80% of the population, is infected with hepatitis caused by hepatitis A virus antibodies in persons (anti-HAV positive) accounted for 80% of the population. We may wonder, with so high? This is because hepatitis A infection who are far more than latent infection in patients with acute hepatitis.
Also known as subclinical latent infection is pathogen invades the human body, the body produces a specific immune response, pathogens can be removed, but does not cause or caused only very minor tissue damage, so no clinical symptoms and signs, or even no biochemical Check the change only be found by immunological tests, such as letters from readers mentioned the situation, China's Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus infection were prevalent with latent infection. HEV infection rate of about 17% of the population.
We know, B, C, hepatitis D patients with multiple clinical manifestations of chronic infection, and A, compared with acute hepatitis E infection, generally do not become chronic. A and hepatitis E virus carrier state has not, it is also different from, B, C, D hepatitis.
Latent infection the virus to carry and how different? Carriers not immune response onset and no rejection, can not clear the pathogen, but the discharge of pathogens from the body (ie latency to carry, rather than the dominant recovery after infection carry), So contagious, as the source of infection.
A and hepatitis E infection source is infected with hepatitis and hidden, while B, C, hepatitis D source of infection including the virus.
A and hepatitis E through the gastrointestinal tract by fecal - oral transmission. Is usually referred to the general public "in the outside eating infected", is different from B, C, hepatitis D is through blood and body fluid other than the way other gastrointestinal spread.
A and hepatitis E virus enters the body orally, by the intestine into the bloodstream, causing a brief viremia, after re-entering the liver cells, and in which the copy, a small amount of virus into the blood, most of the bile into the intestine and then excreted with the feces.
Or latent infection in patients with faecal contamination of drinking water, food, vegetables, appliances, toys, etc., can cause A and hepatitis E epidemic. In particular, water, food contamination outbreak may occur.
By the end of 1987 to March 1988, the Shanghai people eat contaminated cooked Blood Clam without causing the largest one since the founding of the pandemic of hepatitis, 4 months, 31 million disease. 1986 to 1988, the southern region of Xinjiang in China due to faecal pollution of water sources, has two hepatitis E outbreak occurred, there were 119,000 cases, up to 18 months duration.
Susceptible population is hepatitis A hepatitis A antibody negative. As the universal human susceptibility to hepatitis A virus, so most of our people were infected at an early age, mainly to latent infection, dominant hepatitis patients also more common in children and adolescents. The dominant hepatitis E infection primarily for adults.
2, hepatitis A and hepatitis E in which the clinical manifestations
The incubation period of hepatitis A is about 4 weeks, HEV was 6 weeks. Are acute onset, jaundice and jaundice-free distinction. In fact not much higher than the incidence of jaundice jaundice, or about 50% of the total cases to 90%. As no jaundice symptoms are mild jaundice, onset is also slower and recovery faster and often overlooked, so it is more common hepatitis jaundice.
A, clinical manifestations of hepatitis E is similar to early may have chills, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, tired of oil food, abdominal distension, diarrhea, liver pain, dark urine and other symptoms, easily misdiagnosed as respiratory tract infection or gastroenteritis.
By the way, these symptoms of acute hepatitis found in chronic active hepatitis, but in general a little light in the non-active or even asymptomatic. Often asymptomatic patients with chronic hepatitis alone on their own that "nothing", refuses to be examined, is wrong.
Because symptoms of acute hepatitis, it is more timely medical treatment. Patients until the time of the skin, sclera ("supercilious jen") appears yellow dye, the general heat withdrawal, relieve symptoms. But the urine can be further deepened, due to bile salt stimulation may have itchy skin. Some patients may appear gray short stool. At this time patients may have hepatosplenomegaly, tenderness and other signs of liver area. Ultrasound also change accordingly. Check liver function tests, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) significantly increased, ALT is the function of liver cells in most commonly used biochemical indicators.
The total clinical course of hepatitis A 2 to 4 months, severe hepatitis is rare, but infants suffering from hepatitis often heavier, can develop acute severe hepatitis. Hepatitis E and hepatitis A symptoms compared to slightly heavier and longer course of disease, particularly the extent and duration of jaundice is often more significant than that of hepatitis. The elderly more common in acute hepatitis to hepatitis E and jaundice and more; late pregnant women suffer from hepatitis E when severe illness, postpartum hemorrhage more common, vulnerable to liver failure and mortality can be as high as 30% or more; chronic hepatitis B infection in patients with overlap E When liver disease is also heavier, high mortality. But most of the good prognosis of hepatitis E, the general course of no more than 6 months.
Hepatitis A and hepatitis E diagnosis is relatively straightforward, based on epidemiological history, exposure history and symptoms, signs and laboratory diagnosis can be made. Etiology of viral hepatitis by checking to distinguish which type of infection; rely mainly on clinical immunology, infectious hepatitis A or hepatitis E virus, the early body will produce anti-HAVIgM respectively, or anti HEVIgM antibodies, which are recent signs of infection , acute phase and disappeared. Hepatitis A antibodies in the recovery period the production of anti HAVIgG it sustainable for years or for life, the protection of antibody, usually no longer infectious HAV. The hepatitis E IgG antibodies in the acute stage to reach high levels of recovery decreased significantly, more than 6 to 12 months away, unprotected sex.
Third, hepatitis A and hepatitis E in the prevention and treatment
The clinical course of hepatitis and HEV generally good, mostly self-limiting is not special treatment, a period of time can also be self-healing, full recovery. But the extra attention to special populations.
Acute phase should be isolated, symptoms and patients and jaundice, liver function changes significantly should bed rest, recovery activities can gradually increase the amount of normal liver function 1 to resume work after 3 months.
Diet should be light and easily digestible food selection, appropriate vitamin supplements, protein intake should be sufficient. Can also be added as appropriate, through intravenous glucose and other nutrients.
Drug treatment aimed at elimination of symptoms and liver function, not too much should not increase the burden of the liver, usually without antiviral drugs. The treatment of severe hepatitis patients was more complex.
A, is the prevention of hepatitis E from control Source of infection, cut off the transmission and protection of the vulnerable populations of several aspects. Isolation of infected patients on treatment, environmental sanitation and hygiene, enhance manure and water management, good food hygiene and tableware disinfection, do not drink unboiled water, do not eat undercooked seafood, meat and eggs foods, to prevent " start with the mouth. " Attention to exercise and strengthen resistance to disease.
The most effective preventive measure is still the vaccination, anti-HAVIgG negative, can be inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, mainly for infants, children and other high risk groups of infants less than 6 months without vaccination, carried from their mother's antibodies. Immunity after vaccination for at least 5 years. Hepatitis E is no vaccine.
We can see a kind of infectious diseases is one of the standard of living, health habits and level of education and other factors closely related. Therefore, a fundamental control of infectious diseases but also on overall national strength.
Be careful of hepatitis A in spring
Hepatitis A (referred to as hepatitis) from hepatitis A virus (HAV) induced, highly infectious, and suffer from a high proportion of young adult, in the event of a pandemic, and this will pose a huge threat to social groups.
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Addiction to pray with you 5 major key to weight loss postpartum steal your beautiful slim abuse exists Ten Mistakes in early 1988, a small hair clam brought a 340,000 volume of Shanghai into a "hepatitis A hurricane," the whirlpool. For a time, schools, factories shutdown, shops closed down. It is reported that the "hurricane" caused a huge loss of more than 30 billion yuan.
The incidence of hepatitis A in China in spring and autumn general, susceptible people infected with hepatitis A virus in 15 to 40 days (average 28 days) of the incubation period can be symptoms. As in the accumulation of susceptible population, cause every 3 to 5 years or 6 to 7 years there will be a hepatitis epidemic may peak.
Hepatitis A virus in patients 2 to 3 weeks before the onset began discharged from the stool, and is contagious; jaundice appears, reached a peak and then rapidly decline and disappear. The disease through contaminated hands, water, food, utensils and other oral infections, with daily contact with the main mode of transmission, but also through contaminated water and food-borne outbreak; also be spread through blood, can also be passed between homosexuality of anal sexual contact. In hepatitis A endemic areas, prevention efforts to cut off the main route of transmission principle. Isolation of patients, duration of not less than 30 days; suspected patients and close contacts with patients to medical observation from 4 to 6 weeks.
Hepatitis mainly through fecal - oral transmission, so we have to develop good personal hygiene, enhance food stalls (shops) of the health supervision and management of waste should also strengthen the management of patients, while manage water, waste, eliminating four pests. Protection of vulnerable populations, that is in close contact with the patient's children, pregnant women and old people, the implementation of intramuscular injection of gamma globulin, a dose of 0.02 ~ 0.05ml/kg body weight, 1 ml pre-school children can also, school-age children 2 milliliters, adult 3 mL implementation. injections of gamma globulin to be the sooner the better, generally no more than 7 to 14 days after contact. but this is a passive immunization, effective prevention of only 1 month, if necessary, repeat the injection. Hepatitis A vaccine into clinical success and overall, the prevention of hepatitis A has played a very important role.
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The incidence of hepatitis A in China in spring and autumn general, susceptible people infected with hepatitis A virus in 15 to 40 days (average 28 days) of the incubation period can be symptoms. As in the accumulation of susceptible population, cause every 3 to 5 years or 6 to 7 years there will be a hepatitis epidemic may peak.
Hepatitis A virus in patients 2 to 3 weeks before the onset began discharged from the stool, and is contagious; jaundice appears, reached a peak and then rapidly decline and disappear. The disease through contaminated hands, water, food, utensils and other oral infections, with daily contact with the main mode of transmission, but also through contaminated water and food-borne outbreak; also be spread through blood, can also be passed between homosexuality of anal sexual contact. In hepatitis A endemic areas, prevention efforts to cut off the main route of transmission principle. Isolation of patients, duration of not less than 30 days; suspected patients and close contacts with patients to medical observation from 4 to 6 weeks.
Hepatitis mainly through fecal - oral transmission, so we have to develop good personal hygiene, enhance food stalls (shops) of the health supervision and management of waste should also strengthen the management of patients, while manage water, waste, eliminating four pests. Protection of vulnerable populations, that is in close contact with the patient's children, pregnant women and old people, the implementation of intramuscular injection of gamma globulin, a dose of 0.02 ~ 0.05ml/kg body weight, 1 ml pre-school children can also, school-age children 2 milliliters, adult 3 mL implementation. injections of gamma globulin to be the sooner the better, generally no more than 7 to 14 days after contact. but this is a passive immunization, effective prevention of only 1 month, if necessary, repeat the injection. Hepatitis A vaccine into clinical success and overall, the prevention of hepatitis A has played a very important role.
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